‘Physical examination of the cardiovascular system’ is one core competency a medical graduate must acquire that needs repeated practice [1]. Currently, these skills are being taught through facilitator-led demonstrations on healthy subjects and practice with peers [2]. A few challenges of the current teaching method are the paucity of subjects, lack of anatomical standardization, unwillingness by students to expose their chest in front of peers and gender-based issues [3]. Alternatively, simulation-based teaching using high-fidelity mannequins and simulated patients is adopted, which has been proven to be effective. The huge cost of the mannequins and the fee paid to standardized patients are felt as a major hindrance to adopting simulation-based teaching in low-resource settings [4]. Hence, a low-cost simulator with good functional fidelity and the necessary features to teach the skills of cardiovascular physical examination was developed.

Palpation of apical and carotid pulsations: The bulb, which is connected to the inflatable bladder, is pressed manually at the required rate. The rate is synchronized with the heart sounds with the aid of a metronome app. Expansion of the cuff due to bulb compression creates a palpable pulsation over the chest wall and neck. It is felt by the student by placing the palm over the chest, then localized with the ulnar aspect of the hand and finally with two fingers. The manual compression of the bulb also leads to palpable pulsations at the neck, which the student locates and feels at the carotid triangle using the standard examination protocol.

Faculty feedback was collected regarding the fidelity and usefulness of the model. Based on the suggestion, a few changes were made to the model for better utility in clinical examination. The cost analysis was satisfactory. The material cost of the simulator is 150 USD, whereas a high-tech mannequin with the necessary features would cost approximately 20,000 USD.

A pilot study was done to gather student perspectives about the simulator, including their preferences and confidence gained. Feedback revealed that 60% of learners felt the simulator to be realistic, while 65% of the learners preferred learning with the simulator, and 90% of the learners expressed confidence in examining real patients (Figure 2). The simulator design and functioning have been filed for a patent at the Intellectual Property Office of the Government of India [5] (Auscultation, Apex Beat and Carotid Pulsation of Heart Simulator Application Number 202341018457, dated 18.03.23).

To enhance the utility of the simulator by upgrading it to a digitally controlled motorized model with additional features such as abnormal pulsations and heart sounds, thereby promoting its applicability to teach a wider range of cardiac pathologies to advanced learners.